Organic compounds are compounds which contain carbon (with the exception of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, carbonates, carbides, and some of cyanides).
Proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, hormones, cellulose, anesthetics, antibiotics, and enzymes are some examples of organic compounds.
• Carbon atoms can unite with one another by sharing one or more pairs of electron to form chain or cyclic molecules.
• Carbon atoms with four valence electrons can form four covalent bonds.
Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons are compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen. Types of hydrocarbon:
1. Alkanes CnH2n+2
2. Cycloalkanes CnH2n+2-2y ; where y is the number of rings.
3. Alkenes CnH2n
4. Alkynes CnH2n-2
5. Benzene (aromatic) hydrocarbon
Types of Hybridization for Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbon Hybridization of the carbon
Alkane Sp3
Alkene Sp2
Alkyne Sp
Alkanes
General formula CnH2n+2
CH4 methane
C2H6 ethane
C3H8 propane
C4H10 butane
C5H12 pentane
C6H14 hexane
C7H16 heptane
C8H18 octane
C9H20 nonane
C10H22 dekane
Cycloalkanes
General formula CnH2n+2-2y
C3H6 cyclopropane
C4H8 cyclobutane
C5H10 cyclopentane
C6H12 cyclohexane
Alkenes
General formula CnH2n
C2H4 ethane (ethylene)
C3H4 propene (propylene)
C4H8 butene
C5H10 pentene
Alkynes
General formula
C2H2 ethyne (acetylene)
C3H4 propyne
C4H6 butyne
C5H10 pentyne
Structural formulas of alkanes
Structural formulas of alkenes and alkynes
Benzene
Resonance
Resonance is a result of the fact that the correct bonding in a molecule is a hybrid (mixture) of all the possible electron structures which can be written.
Resonance energy is the energy required to change a mole of hybrid molecules to a mole of molecules having the single, conventional valence-bond formula.
Benzene, toluene, and other aromatics
Isomerism
Isomers are compounds which have the same molecular formulas, but different structural formulas.
Isomeric compounds can differ both chemically and physically. They can have difference in melting points, boiling points, refractive index, and chemical activity.
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