<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8651287785496770129</id><updated>2012-02-17T06:55:54.542+07:00</updated><category term='elements named'/><category term='chemistry fact'/><category term='air pollution'/><category term='fruit'/><category term='water'/><category term='HIV'/><category term='olimpiade kimia'/><category term='chemistry experiment'/><category term='tokoh kimia'/><category term='drink'/><category term='chemistry'/><category term='movie review'/><category term='Aids'/><category term='fav song'/><category term='highschool'/><category term='chemical matter'/><category term='hasil karya'/><category term='elements'/><title type='text'>C.H.U.I.Y.I.N</title><subtitle type='html'></subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://scienceandchemistry.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8651287785496770129/posts/default?max-results=100'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://scienceandchemistry.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><author><name>diah chuiyin</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09243025118351119985</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_Xc36zohawSM/S3PzxHal-kI/AAAAAAAAAA4/nPS2ILS2g4w/S220/agnes.jpg'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>23</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>100</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8651287785496770129.post-6239980249761905884</id><published>2010-04-09T19:02:00.002+07:00</published><updated>2010-04-09T19:04:15.431+07:00</updated><title type='text'>my bag</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_Xc36zohawSM/S78XjaO_G2I/AAAAAAAAAGE/sdxOTx9jiEs/s1600/TAS.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 254px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_Xc36zohawSM/S78XjaO_G2I/AAAAAAAAAGE/sdxOTx9jiEs/s320/TAS.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5458107170501368674" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8651287785496770129-6239980249761905884?l=scienceandchemistry.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://scienceandchemistry.blogspot.com/feeds/6239980249761905884/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://scienceandchemistry.blogspot.com/2010/04/my-bag.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8651287785496770129/posts/default/6239980249761905884'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8651287785496770129/posts/default/6239980249761905884'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://scienceandchemistry.blogspot.com/2010/04/my-bag.html' title='my bag'/><author><name>diah chuiyin</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09243025118351119985</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_Xc36zohawSM/S3PzxHal-kI/AAAAAAAAAA4/nPS2ILS2g4w/S220/agnes.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_Xc36zohawSM/S78XjaO_G2I/AAAAAAAAAGE/sdxOTx9jiEs/s72-c/TAS.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8651287785496770129.post-1384078198904638616</id><published>2010-04-06T09:02:00.001+07:00</published><updated>2010-04-06T09:05:19.810+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='hasil karya'/><title type='text'>nature</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_Xc36zohawSM/S7qWrwJQS0I/AAAAAAAAAF8/N2Iiq_k58pM/s1600/erath.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 261px; height: 320px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_Xc36zohawSM/S7qWrwJQS0I/AAAAAAAAAF8/N2Iiq_k58pM/s320/erath.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5456839576915036994" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8651287785496770129-1384078198904638616?l=scienceandchemistry.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://scienceandchemistry.blogspot.com/feeds/1384078198904638616/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://scienceandchemistry.blogspot.com/2010/04/nature.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8651287785496770129/posts/default/1384078198904638616'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8651287785496770129/posts/default/1384078198904638616'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://scienceandchemistry.blogspot.com/2010/04/nature.html' title='nature'/><author><name>diah chuiyin</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09243025118351119985</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_Xc36zohawSM/S3PzxHal-kI/AAAAAAAAAA4/nPS2ILS2g4w/S220/agnes.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_Xc36zohawSM/S7qWrwJQS0I/AAAAAAAAAF8/N2Iiq_k58pM/s72-c/erath.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8651287785496770129.post-7068630772407285618</id><published>2010-03-26T08:52:00.003+07:00</published><updated>2010-03-26T09:00:50.657+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='movie review'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='hasil karya'/><title type='text'>Hasil Karya</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_Xc36zohawSM/S6wTzRyjsMI/AAAAAAAAAF0/-5O7oEcH1ww/s1600/yellow.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 226px; height: 320px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_Xc36zohawSM/S6wTzRyjsMI/AAAAAAAAAF0/-5O7oEcH1ww/s320/yellow.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5452755020508541122" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_Xc36zohawSM/S6wTzFZrpKI/AAAAAAAAAFs/S-nlXaQHT0E/s1600/the+runaways.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 226px; height: 320px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_Xc36zohawSM/S6wTzFZrpKI/AAAAAAAAAFs/S-nlXaQHT0E/s320/the+runaways.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5452755017182979234" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_Xc36zohawSM/S6wTymFtjMI/AAAAAAAAAFk/1Ha863Yk1rc/s1600/FOREST.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 229px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_Xc36zohawSM/S6wTymFtjMI/AAAAAAAAAFk/1Ha863Yk1rc/s320/FOREST.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5452755008777718978" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;ini adalah hasil karya utak-atik dari imajinasiku. ya lumayan lah, enak dilihat. hasil karya yang pertama sebenarnya gambar the forest dengan tema sejuk dan hijau. hasil karya ke 2 dan ke 3 movie review "the yellowhandkerchief" dan "the runaways", dengan tema free my mind. di gambar ada juga ulasan sedikit sinopsisnya.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8651287785496770129-7068630772407285618?l=scienceandchemistry.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://scienceandchemistry.blogspot.com/feeds/7068630772407285618/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://scienceandchemistry.blogspot.com/2010/03/hasil-karya.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8651287785496770129/posts/default/7068630772407285618'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8651287785496770129/posts/default/7068630772407285618'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://scienceandchemistry.blogspot.com/2010/03/hasil-karya.html' title='Hasil Karya'/><author><name>diah chuiyin</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09243025118351119985</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_Xc36zohawSM/S3PzxHal-kI/AAAAAAAAAA4/nPS2ILS2g4w/S220/agnes.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_Xc36zohawSM/S6wTzRyjsMI/AAAAAAAAAF0/-5O7oEcH1ww/s72-c/yellow.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8651287785496770129.post-3771724341416584260</id><published>2010-03-25T10:19:00.002+07:00</published><updated>2010-03-25T10:26:12.890+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='movie review'/><title type='text'>The Yellow Handkerchief</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_Xc36zohawSM/S6rXDkn9zTI/AAAAAAAAAFc/_TrHQpo6N3k/s1600/a.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="cursor: pointer; width: 217px; height: 320px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_Xc36zohawSM/S6rXDkn9zTI/AAAAAAAAAFc/_TrHQpo6N3k/s320/a.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5452406755256290610" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:100%;"&gt;A love story at its core, &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;THE YELLOW HANDKERCHIEF&lt;/span&gt; is about three strangers of two generations bound by loneliness who reach out to one another. After embarking on a road trip through post Katrina Louisiana, their relationships forge and change in a myriad of ways, leading to the possibility of second chances. Brett Hanson (William Hurt) dealing with a painful past, crosses paths with a lonely and troubled teenager Martine (Kristen Stewart) and her new ‘ride’ Gordy (Eddie Redmayne). The trio head out together, each motivated by reasons of their own. Martine yearns to escape her family, Gordy hopes to get closer to Martine and Brett must decide whether he wants to return to the uncertainty of the life and the woman he left behind, his ex-wife May (Maria Bello). A deeply humanistic and emotionally rich film, THE YELLOW HANDKERCHIEF is directed by Udayan Prasad (MY SON THE FANATIC). Produced by six time Academy Award® winner Arthur Cohn (THE GARDEN OF THE FINZI-CONTINIS, ONE DAY IN SEPTEMBER). THE YELLOW HANDKERCHIEF stars Academy Award® winner William Hurt, Golden Globe® nominee Maria Bello, TWILIGHT star Kristen Stewart and Eddie Redmayne (THE GOOD SHEPHERD). The film is loosely based on a short story by renowned writer Pete Hamill.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;The Yellow Handkerchief Trailer&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;object width="640" height="385"&gt;&lt;param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/3ovc-xjBIt4&amp;amp;hl=en_US&amp;amp;fs=1&amp;amp;"&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&lt;param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&lt;param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&lt;embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/3ovc-xjBIt4&amp;amp;hl=en_US&amp;amp;fs=1&amp;amp;" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="640" height="385"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8651287785496770129-3771724341416584260?l=scienceandchemistry.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://scienceandchemistry.blogspot.com/feeds/3771724341416584260/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://scienceandchemistry.blogspot.com/2010/03/yellow-handkerchief.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8651287785496770129/posts/default/3771724341416584260'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8651287785496770129/posts/default/3771724341416584260'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://scienceandchemistry.blogspot.com/2010/03/yellow-handkerchief.html' title='The Yellow Handkerchief'/><author><name>diah chuiyin</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09243025118351119985</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_Xc36zohawSM/S3PzxHal-kI/AAAAAAAAAA4/nPS2ILS2g4w/S220/agnes.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_Xc36zohawSM/S6rXDkn9zTI/AAAAAAAAAFc/_TrHQpo6N3k/s72-c/a.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8651287785496770129.post-608606607694794960</id><published>2010-03-25T10:05:00.001+07:00</published><updated>2010-03-25T10:10:47.450+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='tokoh kimia'/><title type='text'>Ernest Rutherford</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="the_content"&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.chem-is-try.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/Ernest-Rutherford.jpg"&gt;&lt;img class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-10199" title="Ernest-Rutherford" src="http://www.chem-is-try.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/Ernest-Rutherford-222x300.jpg" alt="Ernest-Rutherford" width="222" height="300" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Ernest Rutherford dilahirkan pada tanggal 30 Agustus 1871 di Nelson, Selandia Baru, anak keempat dan anak laki-laki kedua dalm keluarga yang berisi tujuh anak laki-laki dan lima anak perempuan. Ayahnya James Rutherford, seorang tukang roda Skotlandia, beremigrasi ke Selandia Baru dengan kakek Ernest dan seluruh keluarganya pada tahun 1842. Ibunya, nѐe Martha Thompson, adalah seorang guru Bahasa Inggris, yang dengan ibunya yang sudah janda, juga menetap di Selandia Baru pada tahun 1855.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Ernest menerima pendidikan dasarnya di Sekolah Pemerintah dan pada usia 16 tahun masuk ke Perguruan Tinggi Nelson. Pada tahun 1889, ia mendapat beasiswa Universitas dan ia melanjutkan ke Universitas Selandia Baru, Wellington, di mana ia mandaftar di Kampus Canterbury. Ia lulus M.A (Master of Arts)pada tahun 1893 dari dua jurusan untuk pertama kalinya, yakni Matematika dan Sains Fisika dan ia melanjutkan dengan penelitian di Kampus untuk waktu yang singkat, menerima gelar B.Sc. pada tahun berikutnya. Pada tahun yang sama, 1894, ia mendapat beasiswa Pameran Sains tahun 1851, yang memungkinkannya untuk melanjutkan ke Kampus Trinity, Cambridge, sebagai mahasiswa peneliti di Laboratorium Cavendish di bawah bimbingan J.J. Thomson.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Pada tahun 1897, ia mendapat gelar penelitian B.A. dan Beasiswa Coutts-Trotter dari kampus Trinity. Sebuah kesempatan datang ketika posisi Ketua Departemen Fisika Macdonald di Universitas McGill, Montreal , menjadi kosong. Pada tahun 1898, Ernest pun pergi ke Kanada untuk mengambil jabatan. Rutherford kembali ke Inggris pada tahun 1907 untuk menjadi Profsor Fisika Langworthy di Universitas Manchester, menggantikan Sir Arthur Schuster, dan pada tahun 1919 ia menerima sebuah undangan untuk menggantikan Sir Joseph Thomson sebagai Profesor Fisik Cavendish di Cambridge. Ia juga menjadi Ketua Dewan Penasehat Pemerintah di Departemen Penelitian Imiah dan Industri; Profesor Filosofi Alam di Institusi Kerajaan, London; dan juga Direktur Laboratorium Mond Royal Society, di Cambridge.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Penelitian pertama Rutherford dilakukan di Selandia Baru, yakni mengenai sifat magnet besi yang terpapar dengan osilasi berfrekuensi tinggi, dan tesisnya berjudul Magnetization of Iron by High-Frequency Discharges (Magnetisasi Besi dengan Pelepasan Muatan Berfrekuensi Tinggi). Ia adalah orang pertama yang mendesain percobaan yang sangat orisinil denganarus bolakballik berfrekuensi tinggi. Paper keduanya yang berjudul Magnetic Viscosity (Viskositas Magnet) dipublikasikan di Transaction Institut Selandia Baru (1896) dan mengandung gambaran peralatan yang mampu mengukur interval waktu dengan ketelitian satu per seratus ribu dalam satu detik. Kedatangannya di Cambridge membuatnya bakatnya dikenali oleh Profesor Thomson.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Ketika teori pertamanya dicetuskan di Laboratorium Cavendish, ia menemukan detektor untuk gelombang elektromagnet , sebuah kemampuan dari seorang yang berbakat, yang sangat penting berasal dari gulungan magnet yang mengandung gulungan kecil kawat besi termagnetisasi. Ia bekerja sama dengan Thomson dalam meneliti perilaku ion dalam gas yang telah diberi sinar X, dan pada tahun 1897, meneliti mobilitas ion yang terkait dengan kekuatan medan magnet, dan pada topik terkait seperti efek fotoelektrik.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Pada tahun 1898 ia melaporkan keberadaan sinar alfa dan beta dalam radiasi uranium dan menunjukkan beberapa sifat-sifatnya. Di Montreal, terdapat beberapa kesempatan penelitian di Universitas McGill, dan penelitiannya mengenai isi radioaktif, khususnya pada emisi sinar alfa, dilanjutkan di Laboratorium Macdonald. Dengan R.B. Owens, ia mempelajari emanasi (pengeluaran) thorium dan menemukan gas mulia baru, sebuah isotop radon, yang kemudian dikenal sebagai thoron.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Frederick Soddy tiba di McGill pada tahun 1900 dari Universitas Oxford dan ia berkolaborasi dengan Rutherford dalam membuat teori disintegrasi radioaktivitas yang menunjukkan fenomena radioaktif sebagai proses yang terjadi di atom bukan molekul. Teori ini didukung dengan sejumlah besar hasil eksperimen, sejumlah bahan radioaktif yang baru pun ditemukan dan posisinya dalam rantai transformasi pun diperbaiki. Otto Hahn, yang selanjutnya menemukan reaksi fisi atom, bekerja sebagai bawahan Rutherford di Laboratorium Montreal apda tahun 1905-1906.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Di Manchester, Rutherford melanjutkan penelitiannya tentang sifat-sifat emanasi radium dn sinar alfa, dalam hubungannya dengan H. Geiger, sebuah metode pendeteksian partikel alfa tunggal dan perhitungan jumlah pemancaran dari radium pun ditemukan. Pada tahun 1910, penelitiannya ke arah penghamburan sinar alfa dan sifat alamiah struktur dalam atom yang menyebabkan penghamburan tersebut mengarah kepada postulasi konsepnya akan nukleus (inti atom), kontribusi terbesarnya pada bidang fisika. Menurutnya, secara praktis, keseluruhan massa atom dan pada waktu yang sama semua muatan positif di atom terkonsentrasi pada daerah pusat tertentu.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Pada tahun 1912, Niehls Bohr &lt;a style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" title="bergabung" href="http://www.chem-is-try.org/bergabung/"&gt;bergabung&lt;/a&gt; dengannya di Manchester dan ia mengambil struktur nuklir Rutherford hingga teori kuantum Max Planck, sehingga didapatkan teori struktur atom yang dengan perbaikan di kemudian hari, terutama adalah sebagai hasil pengembangan konsep Hesenberg, dan masih valid hingga saat ini. Pada tahun 1913, bersama dengan H.G. Moseley, ia menggunakan sinar katoda untuk menembak atom dari berbagai unsur dan menunjukkan struktur dalam sesuai dengan barisan grup yang menjadi karakteristik unsur. Setiap unsur dapat ditandai dengan nomor atom dan , lebih penting lagi, sifat-sifat tiap unsur dapat ditentukan dengan nomor ini.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Pada tahun 1919, selama tahun terakhirnya di Manchester, ia menemukan inti unsur sinar tertentu, seperti &lt;a title="nitrogen" href="http://www.chem-is-try.org/tabel_periodik/nitrogen/"&gt;nitrogen&lt;/a&gt;, dapat terdisintegrasi sebagai dampak dari tumbukn partikel alfa yang berkekuatan, yang berasal dari sumber radioaktif, dan selama proses ini, proton dengan kecepatan tinggi dipancarkan. Blackett mebuktikan di kemudian hari, dengan ruang berawan (cloud chamber), bahwa nitrgen dalam proses ini sebenarnya ditransformasi menjadi isotop &lt;a title="oksigen" href="http://www.chem-is-try.org/tabel_periodik/oksigen/"&gt;oksigen&lt;/a&gt;, sehingga Rutherford adalah yang pertama dengan sengaja mentransmutasi unsur dari yang satu ke yang lainnya. G. de Hevesy juga satu dari rekanan Rutherford di Manchester.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Sebagai seorang kepala Laboratorium Cavendish, ia mengemudikan sejumlah penerima Hadiah Nobel di masa depan karena prestasinya yang luar biasa seperti: Chadwick, Blackett, Cockroft dan Walton; sedangkan penerima Nobel yang bekerja dengannya di Cavendish untuk waktu yang singkat maupun yang lama adalah: G.P. Thomson, Appleton, Powell, dan Aston. C.D. Allis, pendamping pembimbingnya pada tahun 1919 dan 1930 menggarisbawahi “bahwa kebanyakan percobaan di Cavendish dimulai oleh arahan Rutherford atau dengan sarannya secara tidak langsung”.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Ia masih aktif dan bekerja hingga akhir hidupnya. Rutherford mempublikasikan beberapa buku: Radioactivity (Radioaktivitas) pada tahun 1904; Radioactive Transformations (Transformasi Radioaktif) pada tahun 1906, Menjadi Pengajar Silliman di Universitas Yale; Radiation from Radioactive Substances (Radiasi dari Bahan Radioaktif), dengan James Chadwick and C.D. Ellis (1919, 1930) –sebuah buku dokumenter menyeluruh yang menyajikan tabel khronologis semua paper penelitiannya hingga himpunan terpelajar dan lain-lain; The Electrical Structure of Matter (Struktur Elektrik Bahan) pada tahun 1926; The Artificial Transmutation of the Elements (Unsur Transmutasi Buatan) pada tahun 1933; The Newer Alchemy (Alkimia terbaru) pada tahun 1937. Rutherford diangkat sebagai warga terhormat pada tahun 1914, ia ditunjuk sebagai penerima Medali jasa pada tahun 1925, dan pada tahun 1931ia diberi gelar Baron Rutherford Nelson I, Selandia Baru dan Cambridge. Ia dipilih sebagai Penerima Beasiswa Royal Society pada tahun 1903 dan menjadi Kepala organisasi tersebut dari tahun 1925 hingga 1930.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Di antara penghargaannya yang begitu banyak, ia mendapat Medali Rumford pada tahun 1905 dan Medali Copley pada tahun 1922 oleh Royal Society, Hadiah Bressa pada tahun 1910 dari Akademi Sains Turin, Medali Albert pada tahun 1928 dari Himpunan Seni Kerajaan, Medali Faraday pada tahun 1930 dari Institusi Insinyur Listrik, gelar D.Sc. dari Universitas Selandia Baru, dan gelar doktor kehormatan dari Universitas Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, McGill, Birmingham, Edinburgh, Melbourne, Yale, Glasgow, Giessen, Copenhagen, Cambridge, Dublin, Durham, Oxford, Liverpool, Toronto, Bristol, Cape Town, London dan Leeds.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Rutherford menikah dengan mary Newton, putri satu-satunya dari Arthur dan Mary de Renzy Newton pada tahun 1900. Satu-satunya anak mereka, Eileen, menikah dengan ahli fisika R.H. Fowler. Hiburan utama Rutherford adalah golf dan bertamasya mengendarai mobil.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Ia wafat di Cambridge pada tanggal 19 Oktober pada tahun 1937. Debunya dikubur di bagian tengah ruang gereja Westminster Abbey, sebelah barat pusara Sir Isaac Newton dan Lord Kelvin.&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8651287785496770129-608606607694794960?l=scienceandchemistry.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://scienceandchemistry.blogspot.com/feeds/608606607694794960/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://scienceandchemistry.blogspot.com/2010/03/ernest-rutherford.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8651287785496770129/posts/default/608606607694794960'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8651287785496770129/posts/default/608606607694794960'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://scienceandchemistry.blogspot.com/2010/03/ernest-rutherford.html' title='Ernest Rutherford'/><author><name>diah chuiyin</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09243025118351119985</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_Xc36zohawSM/S3PzxHal-kI/AAAAAAAAAA4/nPS2ILS2g4w/S220/agnes.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8651287785496770129.post-4374994838356604256</id><published>2010-03-25T09:59:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2010-03-25T10:04:36.454+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Aids'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='HIV'/><title type='text'>Obat HIV, ada nggak??</title><content type='html'>AIDS merupakan penyakit yang paling ditakuti pada saat ini. &lt;acronym title="Human Immunodeficiency Virus"&gt;HIV&lt;/acronym&gt;, virus yang menyebabkan penyakit ini, merusak sistem pertahanan tubuh (sistem imun), sehingga orang-orang yang menderita penyakit ini kemampuan untuk mempertahankan dirinya dari serangan penyakit menjadi berkurang. Seseorang yang positif mengidap HIV, belum tentu mengidap AIDS. Banyak kasus di mana seseorang positif mengidap HIV, tetapi tidak menjadi sakit dalam jangka waktu yang lama. Namun, HIV yang ada pada tubuh seseorang akan terus merusak sistem imun. Akibatnya, virus, jamur dan bakteri yang biasanya tidak berbahaya menjadi sangat berbahaya karena rusaknya sistem imun tubuh. &lt;p&gt;Karena ganasnya penyakit ini, maka berbagai usaha dilakukan untuk mengembangkan obat-obatan yang dapat mengatasinya. Pengobatan yang berkembang saat ini, targetnya adalah enzim-enzim yang dihasilkan oleh HIV dan diperlukan oleh virus tersebut untuk berkembang. Enzim-enzim ini dihambat dengan menggunakan inhibitor yang nantinya akan menghambat kerja enzim-enzim tersebut dan pada akhirnya akan menghambat pertumbuhan virus HIV.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;HIV merupakan suatu virus yang material genetiknya adalah RNA (asam ribonukleat) yang dibungkus oleh suatu matriks yang sebagian besar terdiri atas protein. Untuk tumbuh, materi genetik ini perlu diubah menjadi DNA (asam deoksiribonukleat), diintegrasikan ke dalam DNA inang, dan selanjutnya mengalami proses yang akhirnya akan menghasilkan protein. Protein-protein yang dihasilkan kemudian akan membentuk virus-virus baru.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p align="center"&gt; &lt;img src="http://www.chem-is-try.org/wp-content/migrated_images/artikel/HIV_01.jpg" width="309" border="0" height="256" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Gambar 1A Struktur Virus HIV &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="center"&gt; &lt;img src="http://www.chem-is-try.org/wp-content/migrated_images/artikel/hiv2.jpg" width="380" border="0" height="277" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Gambar 1B Daur hidup HIV&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Obat-obatan yang telah ditemukan pada saat ini menghambat pengubahan RNA menjadi DNA dan menghambat pembentukan protein-protein aktif. Enzim yang membantu pengubahan RNA menjadi DNA disebut &lt;i&gt;reverse transcriptase&lt;/i&gt;, sedangkan yang membantu pembentukan protein-protein  aktif disebut &lt;i&gt;protease&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Untuk dapat membentuk protein yang aktif, informasi genetik yang tersimpan pada RNA virus harus diubah terlebih dahulu menjadi DNA. Reverse transcriptase membantu proses pengubahan RNA menjadi DNA. Jika proses pembentukan DNA dihambat, maka proses pembentukan protein juga menjadi terhambat. Oleh karena itu, pembentukan virus-virus yang baru menjadi berjalan dengan lambat. Jadi, penggunaan obat-obatan penghambat enzim reverse transcriptase tidak secara tuntas menghancurkan virus yang terdapat di dalam tubuh. Penggunaan obat-obatan jenis ini hanya menghambat proses pembentukan virus baru, dan proses penghambatan ini pun tidak dapat menghentikan proses pembentukan virus baru secara total.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Obat-obatan lain yang sekarang ini juga banyak berkembang adalah penggunaan penghambat enzim protease. Dari DNA yang berasal dari RNA virus, akan dibentuk protein-protein yang nantinya akan berperan dalam proses pembentukan partikel virus yang baru. Pada mulanya, protein-protein yang dibentuk berada dalam bentuk yang tidak aktif. Untuk mengaktifkannya, maka protein-protein yang dihasilkan harus dipotong pada tempat-tempat tertentu. Di sinilah peranan protease. Protease akan memotong protein pada tempat tertentu dari suatu protein yang terbentuk dari DNA, dan akhirnya akan menghasilkan protein yang nantinya akan dapat membentuk protein penyusun matriks virus (protein struktural) ataupun protein fungsional yang berperan sebagai enzim.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p align="center"&gt; &lt;a href="http://www.chem-is-try.org/images/artikel/HIV_03.jpg" target="_blank"&gt; &lt;img src="http://www.chem-is-try.org/wp-content/migrated_images/artikel/hiv3.jpg" width="380" border="0" height="209" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Gambar 2 (klik untuk memperbesar)&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Gambar 2 menunjukkan skema produk translasional dari gen gag-pol dan daerah di mana produk dari gen tersebut dipecah oleh protease. p17 berfungsi sebagai protein kapsid, p24 protein matriks, dan p7 nukleokapsid. p2, p1 dan p6 merupakan protein kecil yang belum diketahui fungsinya. Tanda panah menunjukkan proses pemotongan yang dikatalisis oleh protease HIV (Flexner, 1998).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Menurut Flexner (1998), pada saat ini telah dikenal empat inhibitor protease yang digunakan pada terapi pasien yang terinfeksi oleh virus HIV, yaitu &lt;i&gt;indinavir&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;nelfinavir&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;ritonavir&lt;/i&gt; dan &lt;i&gt;saquinavir&lt;/i&gt;. Satu  inhibitor lainnya masih dalam proses penelitian, yaitu &lt;i&gt;amprenavir&lt;/i&gt;. Inhibitor protease yang telah umum digunakan, memiliki efek samping yang perlu dipertimbangkan. Semua inhibitor protease yang telah disetujui memiliki efek samping &lt;i&gt;gastrointestinal&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;Hiperlipidemia&lt;/i&gt;, intoleransi glukosa  dan distribusi lemak abnormal dapat juga terjadi.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p align="center"&gt; &lt;a href="http://www.chem-is-try.org/images/artikel/HIV_04.jpg" target="_blank"&gt; &lt;img src="http://www.chem-is-try.org/wp-content/migrated_images/artikel/hiv4.jpg" width="380" border="0" height="347" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Gambar 3 (klik untuk memperbesar)&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Gambar 3 menujukkan lima struktur inhibitor protease HIV dengan aktivitas antiretroviral pada uji klinis. NHtBu = amido tersier butil dan Ph = fenil (Flexner, 1998).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Uji klinis menunjukkan bahwa terapi tunggal dengan menggunakan inhibitor protease saja dapat menurunkan jumlah RNA HIV secara signifikan dan meningkatkan jumlah sel CD4 (&lt;a title="indikator" href="http://www.chem-is-try.org/materi_kimia/instrumen_analisis/iodimetri/indikator/"&gt;indikator&lt;/a&gt; bekerjanya sistem imun) selama minggu pertama perlakuan. Namun demikian, kemampuan senyawa-senyawa ini untuk menekan replikasi virus sering kali terbatas, sehingga menyebabkan terjadinya suatu seleksi yang menghasilkan HIV yang tahan terhadap obat. Karena itu, pengobatan dilakukan dengan menggunakan suatu terapi kombinasi bersama-sama dengan inhibitor reverse transcriptase. Inhibitor protease yang dikombinasikan dengan inhibitor reverse transkriptase menunjukkan respon antiviral yang lebih signifikan yang dapat bertahan dalam jangka waktu yang lebih lama (Patrick &amp;amp; Potts, 1998).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Dari uraian di atas, kita dapat mengetahui bahwa sampai saat ini belum ada obat yang benar-benar dapat menyembuhkan penyakit HIV/AIDS. Obat-obatan yang telah ditemukan hanya menghambat proses pertumbuhan virus, sehingga jumlah virus dapat ditekan.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Oleh karena itu, tantangan bagi para peneliti di seluruh dunia (termasuk Indonesia) adalah untuk mencari obat yang dapat menghancurkan virus yang terdapat dalam tubuh, bukan hanya menghambat pertumbuhan virus. Indonesia yang kaya akan keanekaragaman hayati, tentunya memiliki potensi yang sangat besar untuk ditemukannya obat yang berasal dari alam. Penelusuran senyawa yang berkhasiat tentunya memerlukan penelitian yang tidak sederhana. Dapatkah obat tersebut ditemukan di Indonesia? Wallahu a’lam.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8651287785496770129-4374994838356604256?l=scienceandchemistry.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://scienceandchemistry.blogspot.com/feeds/4374994838356604256/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://scienceandchemistry.blogspot.com/2010/03/obat-hiv-ada-nggak.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8651287785496770129/posts/default/4374994838356604256'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8651287785496770129/posts/default/4374994838356604256'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://scienceandchemistry.blogspot.com/2010/03/obat-hiv-ada-nggak.html' title='Obat HIV, ada nggak??'/><author><name>diah chuiyin</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09243025118351119985</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_Xc36zohawSM/S3PzxHal-kI/AAAAAAAAAA4/nPS2ILS2g4w/S220/agnes.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8651287785496770129.post-4882865930733775066</id><published>2010-03-02T18:10:00.005+07:00</published><updated>2010-03-10T22:49:19.097+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='fav song'/><title type='text'>Romantic Song</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;"Ku Ingin Selamanya" By UNGU&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://gudanglagu.com/mp3/8241/143160015/5b5143ff/ungu-ku-ingin-selamanya.mp3.html"&gt;Download Mp3 Ku Ingin Selamanya&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Cinta adalah misteri dalam hidupku&lt;br /&gt;Yang tak 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	mso-para-margin-left:0in; 	line-height:115%; 	mso-pagination:widow-orphan; 	font-size:11.0pt; 	font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; 	mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; 	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; 	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; 	mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; 	mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; 	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} &lt;/style&gt; &lt;![endif]--&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;1.&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;Reaksi Fe(CO)&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt; + 2PF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; + H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt; --&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Wingdings;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt; Fe(CO)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(PF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(H)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; + 3CO &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Berapa mol CO yang dapat dihasilkan dari campuran pereaksi 5,0 mol Fe(CO)&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;, 8,0 mol PF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, dan 6,0 mol H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; ? &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;A.&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;24 mol&lt;span style=""&gt;                           &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;B.&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;5,0 mol&lt;span style=""&gt;           &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;           &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;C.&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;12 mol &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;D.&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;15 mol &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;E.&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;6,0 mol &lt;span style=""&gt;                 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class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Isotop&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;% kelimpahan relatif&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 150pt;" valign="top" width="200"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Massa eksak (amu)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;  &lt;tr style=""&gt;   &lt;td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 131.4pt;" valign="top" width="175"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;221&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;X&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;74,22&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 150pt;" valign="top" width="200"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;220,9&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;  &lt;tr style=""&gt;   &lt;td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 131.4pt;" valign="top" width="175"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;220&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;X&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;12,78&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 150pt;" valign="top" width="200"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;220,0&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;  &lt;tr style=""&gt;   &lt;td style="border-style: none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 131.4pt;" valign="top" width="175"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;218&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;X&lt;b style=""&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;13,00&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-style: none solid solid none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 150pt;" valign="top" width="200"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;218,1&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;A.&lt;span style=""&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;220,4 amu&lt;span style=""&gt;                     &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;B.&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;219,7 amu&lt;span style=""&gt;                     &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;C.&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;204,2 amu &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;D.&lt;span style=""&gt;   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	mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; 	mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} .MsoPapDefault 	{mso-style-type:export-only; 	margin-bottom:10.0pt; 	line-height:115%;} @page Section1 	{size:8.5in 11.0in; 	margin:1.0in 1.0in 1.0in 1.0in; 	mso-header-margin:.5in; 	mso-footer-margin:.5in; 	mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 	{page:Section1;} --&gt; &lt;/style&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 10]&gt; &lt;style&gt;  /* Style Definitions */  table.MsoNormalTable 	{mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; 	mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; 	mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; 	mso-style-noshow:yes; 	mso-style-priority:99; 	mso-style-qformat:yes; 	mso-style-parent:""; 	mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; 	mso-para-margin-top:0in; 	mso-para-margin-right:0in; 	mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; 	mso-para-margin-left:0in; 	line-height:115%; 	mso-pagination:widow-orphan; 	font-size:11.0pt; 	font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; 	mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; 	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; 	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; 	mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; 	mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; 	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} &lt;/style&gt; &lt;![endif]--&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;3.&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;Pasangan berikut ini manakah yang merupakan isotop unsur: &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;A. &lt;sup&gt;22&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;11&lt;/sub&gt;X, &lt;sup&gt;79&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;38&lt;/sub&gt;X&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;B. &lt;sup&gt;96&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;45&lt;/sub&gt;X, &lt;sup&gt;116&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;92&lt;/sub&gt;X&lt;span style=""&gt;                  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;C. &lt;sup&gt;116&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;92&lt;/sub&gt;X&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt;, &lt;sup&gt;122&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;89&lt;/sub&gt;X&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;D. &lt;sup&gt;116&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;92&lt;/sub&gt;X&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt;, &lt;sup&gt;119&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;92&lt;/sub&gt;X &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;E. &lt;sup&gt;233&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;99&lt;/sub&gt;X2+, &lt;sup&gt;116&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;92&lt;/sub&gt;X&lt;sup&gt;4+&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;                                                                                                   &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Jawaban : D &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;4.&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;Reaksi dibawah ini yang entalpi reaksinya (∆Hr) merupakan entalpi pembentukan senyawa (∆Hr) adalah: &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;A.&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;2Al(s) + 3Cl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(g)&lt;span style=""&gt;       --&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;     &lt;/span&gt;2 AlCl&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;(g)&lt;span style=""&gt;           &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;B.&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;C(s) + O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(g)&lt;span style=""&gt;          --&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;     &lt;/span&gt;CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(g)&lt;span style=""&gt;               &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;C.&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(g) + 3H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(g)&lt;span style=""&gt;        --&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Wingdings;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;     &lt;/span&gt;2NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;(g) &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;D.&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;2C(s) + O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(g)&lt;span style=""&gt;         --&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Wingdings;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;      &lt;/span&gt;2CO(g) &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;E.&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;2S(s) + 3O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(g)&lt;span style=""&gt;         --&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;     &lt;/span&gt;2SO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;(g)&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;                                                                  &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Jawaban : B &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;5.&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;Dari reaksi kesetimbangan dibawah ini,manakah yang kesetimbangannya tidak dipengaruhi oleh perubahan tekanan &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;A.&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;Fe&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;(s) + H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(g)&lt;span style=""&gt;        --&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Wingdings;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;      &lt;/span&gt;3 FeO(s) + H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O(g) &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;B.&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;OH(l)&lt;span style=""&gt;                 --&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;      &lt;/span&gt;CO(g) + 2H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(g) &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;C.&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;NH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(s)&lt;span style=""&gt;             --&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Wingdings;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;     &lt;/span&gt;N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(g) + 2H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O(g) &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;D.&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;4 HCl (g) + O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(g)&lt;span style=""&gt;        --&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;        &lt;/span&gt;2H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O(l) + 2Cl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(g) &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;E.&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;4NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;(g) + O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(g)&lt;span style=""&gt;        --&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;       &lt;/span&gt;2 N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(g) + 6H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O(g)&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;                                              &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Jawaban : A&lt;/span&gt; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;6.&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;Pada suhu 700&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;K terjadi reaksi kesetimbangan : &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;      &lt;/span&gt;CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(g) + H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(g)&lt;span style=""&gt;  --&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Wingdings;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt; 2 CO(g)&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;+ H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O (l)&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;dengan nilai Kc = 0,11 Nilai Kp untuk reaksi tersebut adalah: &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;A.&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;0,99 &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;B.&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;9,99 &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;C.&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;11,0 &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;D.&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;110 &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;E.&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;0,11&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;                                                                                                                   &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Jawaban : C &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;7.&lt;span style=""&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;Berikut ini manakah yang tidak dapat bertindak sebagai basa Lewis? &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;A.&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;Cl&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;                          &lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;B.&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;CN&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;C.&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;                              &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;D.&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;E.&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;BF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;                                                                                                                     &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Jawaban : C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;8.&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;Sebanyak 50,00 mL larutan 0,116 M HF dititrasi dengan larutan 0,120 M NaOH. Berapa pH pada titik ekivalen? (Ka HF = 6,8 x 10&lt;sup&gt;-4&lt;/sup&gt;.) &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;A.&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;13,06&lt;span style=""&gt;                            &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;B.&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;12,77 &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;C.&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;7,00&lt;span style=""&gt;                              &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;D.&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;7,97 &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;E.&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;5,53&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;                                                                                                                     &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Jawaban : C &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;9.&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;Apa pengaruhnya terhadap pH larutan bila kedalam 200 mL larutan 0,20 M asam asetat (HC&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) ditambahkan 1,0 mL laritan aqueous 0,010 M KCl ? (anggap volume tetap) &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;A.&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;pH tidak berubah. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;B.&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;pH akan naik. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;C.&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;pH akan turun. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;D.&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;pH = 7 &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;E.&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;Tidak cukup informasi untuk meramalkan pengaruhnya terhadap pH &lt;span style=""&gt;               &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Jawaban : A &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;10.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Senyawa yang bukan merupakan isomer dari siklopentana adalah: &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;A.&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;Pentana-2&lt;span style=""&gt;       &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;               &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;B.&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;2-metil butana &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;C.&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;2-metil butena-2&lt;span style=""&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;D.&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;1-etil siklopropana &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;E.&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;4-metil butena-2&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;                                                                                                 &lt;/span&gt;Jawaban : D &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;11.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Tentukan senyawa yang bukan merupakan derivate asam karboksilat &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;A.&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;Asam Butanoat&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;B.&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;Asetat Anhidrid &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;C.&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;Asetamida&lt;span style=""&gt;                     &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;D.&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;Ester &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;E.&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;Asetil Klorida&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;                                                                                                    &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Jawaban : A &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;12.&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;Tentukan senyawa yang merupakan isomer dari aseton. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;A.&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;Propil alcohol&lt;span style=""&gt;                &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;B.&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;Propion aldehid &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;C.&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;Asetal dehid&lt;span style=""&gt;                  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;D.&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;Metil etil eter &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;E.&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;Propanon&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;                                                                                                               &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Jawaban : D &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;13.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Indentifikasi alkena sering dilakukan dengan pereaksi &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;A.&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;Br&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; / CCl&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;B.&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;HCl &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;C.&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;HBr &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;D.&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;SO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;E.&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;Cl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;/CCl&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;                                                                                                            &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Jawaban : A &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;14.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Senyawa yang termasuk hidrokarbon tak jenuh adalah: &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;A.&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;Butana&lt;span style=""&gt;                           &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;B.&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;Siklobutana &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;C.&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;Butena&lt;span style=""&gt;                           &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;D.&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;Butanal &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;E.&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;Benzena&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;                                                                                                            &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Jawaban : B &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;15.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Senyawa dengan rumus molekul C&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;O mempunyai pasangan isomer. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;A.&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;Asetaldehid dan aseton&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;B.&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;Propanal dan propanol &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;C.&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;Aseton dan propanon&lt;span style=""&gt;                &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;D.&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;Propanol dan metoksi etana &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;E.&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;Propanon dan propanal&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;                                                                                      &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Jawaban : C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;b style=""&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8651287785496770129-3797220936867696308?l=scienceandchemistry.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://scienceandchemistry.blogspot.com/feeds/3797220936867696308/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://scienceandchemistry.blogspot.com/2010/03/soal-olimpiade-kimia.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8651287785496770129/posts/default/3797220936867696308'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8651287785496770129/posts/default/3797220936867696308'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://scienceandchemistry.blogspot.com/2010/03/soal-olimpiade-kimia.html' title='Soal Olimpiade Kimia'/><author><name>diah chuiyin</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09243025118351119985</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_Xc36zohawSM/S3PzxHal-kI/AAAAAAAAAA4/nPS2ILS2g4w/S220/agnes.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8651287785496770129.post-2501763302603067573</id><published>2010-03-01T18:14:00.002+07:00</published><updated>2010-03-01T18:26:22.569+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='movie review'/><title type='text'>Percy Jackson &amp; the Olympians: the Lightning Thief</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://moviesmedia.ign.com/movies/image/article/104/1040855/-percy-jackson-the-olympians-the-lightning-thief-20091030040532599_640w.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="cursor: pointer; width: 324px; height: 480px;" src="http://moviesmedia.ign.com/movies/image/article/104/1040855/-percy-jackson-the-olympians-the-lightning-thief-20091030040532599_640w.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Pemain&lt;/span&gt;: Logan Lerman, Alexandra Daddario, Brandon T. Jackson, Sean Bean, Uma Thurman, Pierce brosnan, Catherine Keener, Steve Coogan, Jake Abel, Kevin Mckidd&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Sutradara&lt;/span&gt;: Chris Columbus&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Skenario&lt;/span&gt;: Craig Tytley&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Novel&lt;/span&gt;: Rick Riordon&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Produksi&lt;/span&gt;: 1492 Pictures&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Durasi&lt;/span&gt;: 120 menit&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Situs&lt;/span&gt;: &lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/www.percyjacksonthemovie.com"&gt;www.percyjacksonthemovie.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://www.filmofilia.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/Percy-Jackson.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="cursor: pointer; width: 535px; height: 449px;" src="http://www.filmofilia.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/Percy-Jackson.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Banyak film petualangan fantasi yang kisahnya diadaptasi dari novel Best Seller. Beberapa diantaranya Lord of the Rings, Harry Potter, Narnia  dan yang terakhir adalah Percy Jackson &amp;amp; the Olympians. Novel 5 seri ini adalah karya dari penulis Amerika Serikat, Rick Riordon. The Lightning Thief adalah seri pertamanya yang terbit tahun 2005 dan berhasil terjual lebih dari 1,2 juta kopi.&lt;br /&gt;Rick Riordon menghidupkan kembali mitologi Yunani kuno lewat kisah-kisah para dewa., namun dikemas dalam setting modern. Tokoh utamanya adalah Percy Jackson, ABG penderita disleksia dan ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder) yang ternyata adalah anak dari dewa laut, Poseidon. Poseidon merupakan salah satu dari ketiga dewa tertinggi dan terkuat di Yunani. Kedua dewa lainnya adalah Zeus (dewa langit) dan Hades (dewa bawah tanah).&lt;br /&gt;Tahun 2007 lalu sutradara 2 film pertama Harry Potter, Chris Columbus setuju menyutradarai Percy Jackson &amp;amp; the Olympians : the Lightning Thief. Film ini disebut-sebut Harry Potter-nya Amerika karena memiliki beberapa kesamaan, diantaranya kesamaan sutradara, 3 tokoh utama (2 cowok, dan 1 cewek), dan tokoh utama yang tadinya manusia biasa dan kemudian menjadi luar biasa karena terbukanya masa lalu mereka. Kalau Harry Potter adalah anak dari manusia biasa-penyihir murni, maka Percy Jackson adalah keturunan manusia biasa dan dewa. Bahkan ada pula sebutan half-blood di film ini(sama dengan istilah yang ada di film Harry Potter).&lt;br /&gt;Yang menarik dari film yang juga dibintangi actor-aktris super beken (Sean Bean, Uma Thurman, Pierce brosnan) ini adalah bahwa di zaman modern seperti sekarang ada satu komunitas keturunan dewa yang memiliki banyak sekali kemampuan luar biasa yang diturukan dari ayah/ibu dewa mereka. Mereka berkumpul di perkemahan Half-Blood di Long Island untuk mendapatkan berbagai pelatihan. Film ini juga menyuguhkan makhluk-makhluk kuno such as Centaurus (manusia kuda), Satyr (manusia kambing), Titan, medusa, berbagai monster, dan Olympus (tempat tinggal para dewa) yang terletak di lantai 600 Empire State Building.&lt;br /&gt;Percy masuk perkemahan Half Blood dan menemui banyak sekali kejutan. Dia baru mengetahui kalau dirinya adalah anak Poseidon, sejak kecil Percy dan semua anak setengah dewa lainnya tidak pernah mengenal ortu dewa mereka. Dia juga menghadapi kenyataan kalau kini dirinya sedang menjadi tersangka utama hilangnya tongkat petir milik Zeus.&lt;br /&gt;Hanya 10 hari waktu Percy membuktikan kalau dirinya tidak bersalah. Dengan bantuan sahabat-sahabat barunya, Grover dan Annabeth, dia pergi keliling amerika untuk mencari pencuri sebenarnya dan mengembalikan tongkat petir Zeus ke Olympus. Mereka harus menemui Hades di dunia bawah tanah di kedalaman bukit Hollywood, bertarung dengan Medusa dan menghadapi jebakan kue teratai di sebuah kasino di Las Vegas.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://blog.80millionmoviesfree.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/percy-jackson-the-olympians-the-lightning-thief.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="cursor: pointer; width: 761px; height: 506px;" src="http://blog.80millionmoviesfree.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/percy-jackson-the-olympians-the-lightning-thief.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8651287785496770129-2501763302603067573?l=scienceandchemistry.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://scienceandchemistry.blogspot.com/feeds/2501763302603067573/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://scienceandchemistry.blogspot.com/2010/03/percy-jackson-olympians-lightning-thief.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8651287785496770129/posts/default/2501763302603067573'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8651287785496770129/posts/default/2501763302603067573'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://scienceandchemistry.blogspot.com/2010/03/percy-jackson-olympians-lightning-thief.html' title='Percy Jackson &amp; the Olympians: the Lightning Thief'/><author><name>diah chuiyin</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09243025118351119985</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_Xc36zohawSM/S3PzxHal-kI/AAAAAAAAAA4/nPS2ILS2g4w/S220/agnes.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8651287785496770129.post-1544348614952778975</id><published>2010-02-26T21:43:00.006+07:00</published><updated>2010-02-27T17:05:03.328+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='chemistry'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='chemical matter'/><title type='text'>ORGANIC CHEMISTRY: THE HYDROCARBON</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" &gt;Some Definition&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;Organic chemistry is the science of carbon compounds, which includes the synthesis of these compounds and the study of the reactions of these compounds.&lt;br /&gt;Organic compounds are compounds which contain carbon (with the exception of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, carbonates, carbides, and some of cyanides).&lt;br /&gt;Proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, hormones, cellulose, anesthetics, antibiotics, and enzymes are some examples of organic compounds.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;Carbon Bonding&lt;br /&gt;•	Carbon atoms can unite with one another by sharing one or more pairs of electron to form chain or cyclic molecules.&lt;br /&gt;•	Carbon atoms with four valence electrons can form four covalent bonds.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" &gt;Hydrocarbons&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hydrocarbons are compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen. Types of hydrocarbon:&lt;br /&gt;1.	Alkanes C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;nH&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;2n+2&lt;br /&gt;2.	Cycloalkanes C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;nH&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;2n+2-2y ; where y is the number of rings.&lt;br /&gt;3.	Alkenes C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;nH&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;2n&lt;br /&gt;4.	Alkynes C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;nH&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;2n-2&lt;br /&gt;5.	Benzene (aromatic) hydrocarbon&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" &gt;Types of Hybridization for Hydrocarbons&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hydrocarbon	Hybridization of the carbon&lt;br /&gt;Alkane	Sp3&lt;br /&gt;Alkene	Sp2&lt;br /&gt;Alkyne	Sp&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Alkanes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;General formula C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;nH&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;2n+2&lt;br /&gt;CH&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;4	methane&lt;br /&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;2H&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;6	ethane&lt;br /&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;3H&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;8	propane&lt;br /&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;4H&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;10	butane&lt;br /&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;5H&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;12	pentane&lt;br /&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;6H&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;14	hexane&lt;br /&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;7H&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;16	heptane&lt;br /&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;8H&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;18	octane&lt;br /&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;9H&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;20 nonane&lt;br /&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;10H&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;22	dekane&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" &gt;Cycloalkanes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;General formula C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;nH&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;2n+2-2y&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_Xc36zohawSM/S4fgKF_e-rI/AAAAAAAAAD4/NEi7fYGZeLg/s1600-h/Graphic1.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="cursor: pointer; 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 &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:100%;"  &gt;C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;                &lt;/span&gt;ethane (ethylene)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:100%;"  &gt;C&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;                &lt;/span&gt;propene (propylene)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:100%;"  &gt;C&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;span style=""&gt;                     &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;butene&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:100%;"  &gt;C&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;               &lt;/span&gt;pentene&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:100%;"  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:100%;"  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:100%;"  &gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Alkynes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; 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	mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; 	mso-style-noshow:yes; 	mso-style-priority:99; 	mso-style-qformat:yes; 	mso-style-parent:""; 	mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; 	mso-para-margin-top:0in; 	mso-para-margin-right:0in; 	mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; 	mso-para-margin-left:0in; 	line-height:115%; 	mso-pagination:widow-orphan; 	font-size:11.0pt; 	font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; 	mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; 	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; 	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; 	mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; 	mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; 	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} &lt;/style&gt; &lt;![endif]--&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%; font-weight: bold;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:100%;"  &gt;Resonance&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=""&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;" &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; 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	mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; 	mso-style-noshow:yes; 	mso-style-priority:99; 	mso-style-qformat:yes; 	mso-style-parent:""; 	mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; 	mso-para-margin-top:0in; 	mso-para-margin-right:0in; 	mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; 	mso-para-margin-left:0in; 	line-height:115%; 	mso-pagination:widow-orphan; 	font-size:11.0pt; 	font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; 	mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; 	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; 	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; 	mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; 	mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; 	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} &lt;/style&gt; &lt;![endif]--&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%; font-weight: bold;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:100%;"  &gt;Isomerism&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=""&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;" &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;i style=""&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;" &gt;Isomers &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:100%;"  &gt;are compounds which have the same molecular formulas, but different structural formulas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;i style=""&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;" &gt;Isomeric compounds &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:100%;"  &gt;can differ both chemically and physically. They can have difference in melting points, boiling points, refractive index, and chemical activity.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_Xc36zohawSM/S4fkdN6WALI/AAAAAAAAAE4/QnHYUE5qL-U/s1600-h/Graphic9.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 103px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_Xc36zohawSM/S4fkdN6WALI/AAAAAAAAAE4/QnHYUE5qL-U/s320/Graphic9.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5442569865302245554" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;to be continued.....&lt;b style=""&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;" &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8651287785496770129-1544348614952778975?l=scienceandchemistry.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://scienceandchemistry.blogspot.com/feeds/1544348614952778975/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://scienceandchemistry.blogspot.com/2010/02/organik-chemistry-hydrocarbon.html#comment-form' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8651287785496770129/posts/default/1544348614952778975'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8651287785496770129/posts/default/1544348614952778975'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://scienceandchemistry.blogspot.com/2010/02/organik-chemistry-hydrocarbon.html' title='ORGANIC CHEMISTRY: THE HYDROCARBON'/><author><name>diah chuiyin</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09243025118351119985</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_Xc36zohawSM/S3PzxHal-kI/AAAAAAAAAA4/nPS2ILS2g4w/S220/agnes.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_Xc36zohawSM/S4fgKF_e-rI/AAAAAAAAAD4/NEi7fYGZeLg/s72-c/Graphic1.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8651287785496770129.post-6336504428208069896</id><published>2010-02-24T22:07:00.006+07:00</published><updated>2010-02-24T22:36:37.678+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='chemistry'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='chemical matter'/><title type='text'>Oxidation and Reduction Reaction</title><content type='html'>&lt;meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"&gt;&lt;meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 12"&gt;&lt;meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 12"&gt;&lt;link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CDiah%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"&gt;&lt;link rel="Edit-Time-Data" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CDiah%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_editdata.mso"&gt;&lt;!--[if !mso]&gt; 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	mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; 	mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} .MsoChpDefault 	{mso-style-type:export-only; 	mso-default-props:yes; 	mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; 	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; 	mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; 	mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin; 	mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; 	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; 	mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; 	mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} .MsoPapDefault 	{mso-style-type:export-only; 	margin-bottom:10.0pt; 	line-height:115%;} @page Section1 	{size:8.5in 11.0in; 	margin:1.0in 1.0in 1.0in 1.0in; 	mso-header-margin:.5in; 	mso-footer-margin:.5in; 	mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 	{page:Section1;}  /* List Definitions */  @list l0 	{mso-list-id:492918333; 	mso-list-type:hybrid; 	mso-list-template-ids:749638970 67698689 67698691 67698693 67698689 67698691 67698693 67698689 67698691 67698693;} @list l0:level1 	{mso-level-number-format:bullet; 	mso-level-text:; 	mso-level-tab-stop:none; 	mso-level-number-position:left; 	text-indent:-.25in; 	font-family:Symbol;} @list l1 	{mso-list-id:1131050538; 	mso-list-type:hybrid; 	mso-list-template-ids:-691273162 -684816324 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715;} @list l1:level1 	{mso-level-tab-stop:none; 	mso-level-number-position:left; 	text-indent:-.25in;} ol 	{margin-bottom:0in;} ul 	{margin-bottom:0in;} --&gt; &lt;/style&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;b style=""&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:14;"  &gt;Development of oxidation and red&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=""&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:14;"  &gt;uction reaction &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=""&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:14;"  &gt;concept&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;b style=""&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;1.&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7;"  &gt;      &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;b style=""&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;Based on binding and releasing of oxygen&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:Symbol;font-size:12;"  &gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;·&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7;"  &gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;b style=""&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;Oxidation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;is a reaction in which an element or &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;compound binds a number of oxygen.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.25in;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;Examp&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;le&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;: rusting of iron reaction&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 27pt;"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_Xc36zohawSM/S4VBk6QLklI/AAAAAAAAADA/AQtXcK8HEUU/s1600-h/Graphic1.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 137px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_Xc36zohawSM/S4VBk6QLklI/AAAAAAAAADA/AQtXcK8HEUU/s400/Graphic1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5441827827115332178" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b style=""&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"&gt;&lt;b style=""&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;Oxidant&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt; is a substance which is a source of oxygen.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:Symbol;font-size:12;"  &gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;·&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7;"  &gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;b style=""&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;Reduction&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt; is a reaction in which an element or compound release a number of oxygen.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.25in;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;Example&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;: reaction between copper (II) oxide and hydrogen gas&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_Xc36zohawSM/S4VBlCUB2tI/AAAAAAAAADI/DG7GdpWKUK0/s1600-h/Graphic2.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 122px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_Xc36zohawSM/S4VBlCUB2tI/AAAAAAAAADI/DG7GdpWKUK0/s400/Graphic2.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5441827829278956242" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"&gt;&lt;b style=""&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;Reductant&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt; is a substance which binds a number of oxygen.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;b style=""&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;2.&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7;"  &gt;      &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;b style=""&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;Based on binding and releasing of electron&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:Symbol;font-size:12;"  &gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;·&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7;"  &gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;b style=""&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;Oxidation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt; is a process of releasing a number of electrons.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.25in;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;Example&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;: &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 31.5pt;"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_Xc36zohawSM/S4VBlgU2bmI/AAAAAAAAADQ/tnEv8x-zOtM/s1600-h/Graphic3.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 118px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_Xc36zohawSM/S4VBlgU2bmI/AAAAAAAAADQ/tnEv8x-zOtM/s400/Graphic3.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5441827837335465570" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:Symbol;font-size:12;"  &gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;·&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7;"  &gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;b style=""&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;Reduction&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt; is a process of binding a number of electrons.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.25in;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;Example&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;: &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 31.5pt;"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_Xc36zohawSM/S4VBl2tTQgI/AAAAAAAAADY/4TAGuWf-SS4/s1600-h/Graphic4.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 146px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_Xc36zohawSM/S4VBl2tTQgI/AAAAAAAAADY/4TAGuWf-SS4/s400/Graphic4.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5441827843343598082" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"&gt;&lt;b style=""&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;Oxidant&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt; is a substance which bind electron.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"&gt;&lt;b style=""&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;Reductant&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt; is a substance which release electron.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;Basically, the process of oxidation and reduction reaction is happened simultaneously, which called redox reaction. Pay attention the redox reaction in the following process of sodium chloride formation.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.5pt;"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_Xc36zohawSM/S4VDW0uh9JI/AAAAAAAAADg/xgTRZZEza4U/s1600-h/Graphic51.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 133px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_Xc36zohawSM/S4VDW0uh9JI/AAAAAAAAADg/xgTRZZEza4U/s400/Graphic51.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5441829784137102482" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;b style=""&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;3.&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7;"  &gt;      &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;b style=""&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;Based on increasing and decreasing of oxidation number&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:Symbol;font-size:12;"  &gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;·&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7;"  &gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;Oxidation is a chemical reaction in which happens increasing of oxidation number. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:Symbol;font-size:12;"  &gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;·&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7;"  &gt;         &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;Reduction is a chemical reaction in which happens decreasing of oxidation number. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.25in;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;Example&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;: &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 49.5pt;"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_Xc36zohawSM/S4VERkUkcdI/AAAAAAAAADo/Mr3GtI10UNY/s1600-h/Graphic6.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 372px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_Xc36zohawSM/S4VERkUkcdI/AAAAAAAAADo/Mr3GtI10UNY/s400/Graphic6.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5441830793345528274" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;In the reaction above, Na is a reductant because it undergoes the increase of oxidation number from 0 to +1. Cl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; is an oxidant because it undergoes the decrease of oxidation number from 0 to -1.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;b style=""&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:14;"  &gt;Autoredox Reaction (Disproportionation Reaction)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;b style=""&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;Autoredox reaction&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt; is a chemical reaction in which a substance undergoes both oxidation and reduction, and acts as both oxidant and reductant result the dissimilar substances.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_Xc36zohawSM/S4VGcY97GSI/AAAAAAAAADw/DDQiawq-g3g/s1600-h/Graphic7.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 133px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_Xc36zohawSM/S4VGcY97GSI/AAAAAAAAADw/DDQiawq-g3g/s400/Graphic7.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5441833178299570466" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;On the above reaction is a autoredox reaction, because Cl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; undergoes both oxidation and reduction, and acts as both oxidant and reductant.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8651287785496770129-6336504428208069896?l=scienceandchemistry.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://scienceandchemistry.blogspot.com/feeds/6336504428208069896/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://scienceandchemistry.blogspot.com/2010/02/oxidation-and-reduction-reaction.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8651287785496770129/posts/default/6336504428208069896'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8651287785496770129/posts/default/6336504428208069896'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://scienceandchemistry.blogspot.com/2010/02/oxidation-and-reduction-reaction.html' title='Oxidation and Reduction Reaction'/><author><name>diah chuiyin</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09243025118351119985</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_Xc36zohawSM/S3PzxHal-kI/AAAAAAAAAA4/nPS2ILS2g4w/S220/agnes.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_Xc36zohawSM/S4VBk6QLklI/AAAAAAAAADA/AQtXcK8HEUU/s72-c/Graphic1.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8651287785496770129.post-2728894168186185573</id><published>2010-02-23T06:23:00.003+07:00</published><updated>2010-02-23T06:50:33.329+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='chemical matter'/><title type='text'>Electrolyte and Non Electrolyte Solutions</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Definition&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;"&gt;. &lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;Electrolyte solution is a solution which can conduct electricity.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;"&gt;. Non electrolyte solution is a solution which can not conduct electricity.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Why electrolyte solution can conduct electricity??&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;"&gt;Arrhenius’s theory states “in the electrolyte solution, the dissolved chemical compound (electrolyte substance) is dissociated into ions, even when there is no current flowing through the solution”. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;"&gt;According to Arrhenius’s theory, electrolyte solution can conduct electricity, because in the electrolyte solution there are ions that can move freely. These ions which conduct electric currents. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;"&gt;Electrolyte substances if there are dissolved into water will be dissociated into ions. Meanwhile, for non electrolyte substances will no be dissociated into ions, but they are stay in the form of uncharged molecules. This case causing non electrolyte solution can not conduct electricity. The following are examples of reaction of electrolyte and non electrolyte substance in water.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;•	Examples of reaction of electrolyte substance in water&lt;br /&gt;NaCl(s) --&gt; Na+(aq)  + Cl-(aq)&lt;br /&gt;H2SO4 (l)--&gt;  2H+(aq) + SO42-(aq)&lt;br /&gt;•	Examples of reaction of non electrolyte substance in water&lt;br /&gt;C6H12O6(s) --&gt; C6H12O6(aq)&lt;br /&gt;CO(NH2)2(s) --&gt; CO(NH2)2(aq)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"&gt;&lt;meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"&gt;&lt;meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 12"&gt;&lt;meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 12"&gt;&lt;link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CDiah%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"&gt;&lt;link rel="themeData" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CDiah%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx"&gt;&lt;link rel="colorSchemeMapping" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CDiah%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml"&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt; 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	border:solid black 1.0pt; 	mso-border-themecolor:text1; 	mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt; 	mso-border-themecolor:text1; 	mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; 	mso-border-insideh:.5pt solid black; 	mso-border-insideh-themecolor:text1; 	mso-border-insidev:.5pt solid black; 	mso-border-insidev-themecolor:text1; 	mso-para-margin:0in; 	mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; 	mso-pagination:widow-orphan; 	font-size:11.0pt; 	font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; 	mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; 	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; 	mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; 	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} &lt;/style&gt; &lt;![endif]--&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;On the electrolyte tester. Electrolyte solution shown symptoms such as gas bubbles and glowing lamp, while in non electrolyte solution doesn’t shown that symptoms.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Basic concept of Electrolyte and non electrolyte solutions&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"&gt;&lt;meta name="ProgId" content="PowerPoint.Slide"&gt;&lt;meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft PowerPoint 12"&gt;  &lt;div class="O0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; text-indent: -0.38in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;•&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;color:black;"   &gt;solution&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;  &lt;div class="O1" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.81in; text-indent: -0.31in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;•&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;color:black;"   &gt;non electrolyte solution&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;  &lt;div class="O2" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;•&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;color:black;"   &gt;Examples: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;  &lt;div class="O2" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;•&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;color:black;"   &gt;hydrocarbon compounds&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;  &lt;div class="O2" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;•&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;color:black;"   &gt;alcohol&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;  &lt;div class="O2" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;•&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;color:black;"   &gt;ammoniak&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;    &lt;div class="O1" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.81in; text-indent: -0.31in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;•&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;color:black;"   &gt;electrolyte solution&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;  &lt;div class="O2" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;•&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;color:black;"   &gt;strong electrolyte solution&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;  &lt;div class="O3" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;•&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;color:black;"   &gt;Examples:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;  &lt;div class="O3" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;•&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;color:black;"   &gt;strong acid&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;  &lt;div class="O3" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;•&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;color:black;"   &gt;strong base&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;  &lt;div class="O3" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;•&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;color:black;"   &gt;salt made from strong acid and strong base&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;    &lt;div class="O2" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;•&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;color:black;"   &gt;weak electrolyte solution&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;  &lt;div class="O3" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;•&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;color:black;"   &gt;Examples:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;  &lt;div class="O3" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;•&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;color:black;"   &gt;weak acid&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;  &lt;div class="O3" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;•&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;color:black;"   &gt;weak base&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;  &lt;div class="O3" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;•&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;color:black;"   &gt;salt make from weak acid or weak base&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:130%;" &gt;Sample problem&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;Based on the following data, which solution include in strong electrolyte, weak electrolyte, and non electrolyte solutions.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;table class="MsoTableGrid" style="border: medium none ; width: 312px; margin-left: 0.2in; border-collapse: collapse; height: 126px;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"&gt;  &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr style=""&gt;   &lt;td style="border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;Solution&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;Glowing   lamp&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;Bubble   gas&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;  &lt;tr style=""&gt;   &lt;td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;A&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;+&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;+&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;  &lt;tr style=""&gt;   &lt;td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;B&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;+&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;-&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;  &lt;tr style=""&gt;   &lt;td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;C&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;+&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;-&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;  &lt;tr style=""&gt;   &lt;td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;D&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;-&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;-&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;  &lt;tr style=""&gt;   &lt;td style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;E&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;+&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;+&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;&lt;span style=""&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;Solution&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;Strong electrolyte solutions: A and E&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; 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	mso-style-parent:""; 	mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; 	mso-para-margin-top:0in; 	mso-para-margin-right:0in; 	mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; 	mso-para-margin-left:0in; 	line-height:115%; 	mso-pagination:widow-orphan; 	font-size:11.0pt; 	font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; 	mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; 	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; 	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; 	mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; 	mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; 	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} &lt;/style&gt; &lt;![endif]--&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Electrolyte intensity&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;Electrolyte intensity is relate to the number of ions in the solution. Electrolyte intensity is represented by a number called &lt;b style=""&gt;ionization degree &lt;/b&gt;(α), which mathematically can be represented by the equation as follows:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;!--[if gte msEquation 12]&gt;&lt;m:omathpara&gt;&lt;m:omathparapr&gt;&lt;m:jc val="center"&gt;&lt;/m:oMathParaPr&gt;&lt;m:omath&gt;&lt;i style="'mso-bidi-font-style:normal'"&gt;&lt;span style="'line-height:115%;font-family:font-size:12.0pt;"&gt;&lt;m:r&gt;∝ = &lt;/m:r&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;m:f&gt;&lt;m:fpr&gt;&lt;span style="'font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;"&gt;&lt;m:ctrlpr&gt;&lt;/m:ctrlPr&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/m:fPr&gt;&lt;m:num&gt;&lt;m:ssub&gt;&lt;m:ssubpr&gt;&lt;span style="'font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:"&gt;&lt;m:ctrlpr&gt;&lt;/m:ctrlPr&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/m:sSubPr&gt;&lt;m:e&gt;&lt;i style="'mso-bidi-font-style:normal'"&gt;&lt;span style="';font-size:12.0pt;"&gt;&lt;m:r&gt;n&lt;/m:r&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/m:e&gt;&lt;m:sub&gt;&lt;i style="'mso-bidi-font-style:normal'"&gt;&lt;span style="';font-size:12.0pt;"&gt;&lt;m:r&gt;i&lt;/m:r&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/m:sub&gt;&lt;/m:sSub&gt;&lt;/m:num&gt;&lt;m:den&gt;&lt;m:ssub&gt;&lt;m:ssubpr&gt;&lt;span style="'font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:"&gt;&lt;m:ctrlpr&gt;&lt;/m:ctrlPr&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/m:sSubPr&gt;&lt;m:e&gt;&lt;i style="'mso-bidi-font-style:normal'"&gt;&lt;span style="';font-size:12.0pt;"&gt;&lt;m:r&gt;n&lt;/m:r&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/m:e&gt;&lt;m:sub&gt;&lt;i style="'mso-bidi-font-style:normal'"&gt;&lt;span style="';font-size:12.0pt;"&gt;&lt;m:r&gt;o&lt;/m:r&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/m:sub&gt;&lt;/m:sSub&gt;&lt;/m:den&gt;&lt;/m:f&gt;&lt;/m:oMath&gt;&lt;/m:oMathPara&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if !msEquation]--&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;α = ni / no&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;Where α: ionization degree&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;n&lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt;; mole of ionized substance&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;n&lt;sub&gt;o&lt;/sub&gt;: mole of dissolved substance&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;Sample problem&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;0,1 mole of HF is dissolved into water, so that in the solution is obtained 0.01 mole of F&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt; ion. Determine the ionization degree of HF solution!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;Solution&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;!--[if gte msEquation 12]&gt;&lt;m:omath&gt;&lt;i style="'mso-bidi-font-style:"&gt;&lt;span style="'line-height:115%;font-family:font-size:14.0pt;"&gt;&lt;m:r&gt;∝&lt;/m:r&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i style="'mso-bidi-font-style:normal'"&gt;&lt;span style="'line-height:;font-size:14.0pt;"&gt;&lt;m:r&gt; = &lt;/m:r&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;m:f&gt;&lt;m:fpr&gt;&lt;span style="'font-size:14.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt;"&gt;&lt;m:ctrlpr&gt;&lt;/m:ctrlPr&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/m:fPr&gt;&lt;m:num&gt;&lt;m:ssub&gt;&lt;m:ssubpr&gt;&lt;span style="'font-size:14.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt;"&gt;&lt;m:ctrlpr&gt;&lt;/m:ctrlPr&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/m:sSubPr&gt;&lt;m:e&gt;&lt;i style="'mso-bidi-font-style:normal'"&gt;&lt;span style="';font-size:14.0pt;"&gt;&lt;m:r&gt;n&lt;/m:r&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="';font-size:14.0pt;"&gt;&lt;m:ctrlpr&gt;&lt;/m:ctrlPr&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/m:e&gt;&lt;m:sub&gt;&lt;i style="'mso-bidi-font-style:"&gt;&lt;span style="'line-height:115%;font-family:font-size:14.0pt;"&gt;&lt;m:r&gt;i&lt;/m:r&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="'font-size:14.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt;"&gt;&lt;m:ctrlpr&gt;&lt;/m:ctrlPr&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/m:sub&gt;&lt;/m:sSub&gt;&lt;span style="'font-size:14.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt;"&gt;&lt;m:ctrlpr&gt;&lt;/m:ctrlPr&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/m:num&gt;&lt;m:den&gt;&lt;m:ssub&gt;&lt;m:ssubpr&gt;&lt;span style="'font-size:14.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt;"&gt;&lt;m:ctrlpr&gt;&lt;/m:ctrlPr&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/m:sSubPr&gt;&lt;m:e&gt;&lt;i style="'mso-bidi-font-style:normal'"&gt;&lt;span style="';font-size:14.0pt;"&gt;&lt;m:r&gt;n&lt;/m:r&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="';font-size:14.0pt;"&gt;&lt;m:ctrlpr&gt;&lt;/m:ctrlPr&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/m:e&gt;&lt;m:sub&gt;&lt;i style="'mso-bidi-font-style:"&gt;&lt;span style="'line-height:115%;font-family:font-size:14.0pt;"&gt;&lt;m:r&gt;o&lt;/m:r&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="'font-size:14.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt;"&gt;&lt;m:ctrlpr&gt;&lt;/m:ctrlPr&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/m:sub&gt;&lt;/m:sSub&gt;&lt;span style="'font-size:14.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt;"&gt;&lt;m:ctrlpr&gt;&lt;/m:ctrlPr&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/m:den&gt;&lt;/m:f&gt;&lt;i style="'mso-bidi-font-style:normal'"&gt;&lt;span style="'line-height:;font-size:14.0pt;"&gt;&lt;m:r&gt;=&lt;/m:r&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;m:f&gt;&lt;m:fpr&gt;&lt;span style="'font-size:14.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt;"&gt;&lt;m:ctrlpr&gt;&lt;/m:ctrlPr&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/m:fPr&gt;&lt;m:num&gt;&lt;i style="'mso-bidi-font-style:normal'"&gt;&lt;span style="'line-height:;font-size:14.0pt;"&gt;&lt;m:r&gt;0.01&lt;/m:r&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/m:num&gt;&lt;m:den&gt;&lt;i style="'mso-bidi-font-style:normal'"&gt;&lt;span style="'line-height:;font-size:14.0pt;"&gt;&lt;m:r&gt;0.1&lt;/m:r&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/m:den&gt;&lt;/m:f&gt;&lt;i style="'mso-bidi-font-style:normal'"&gt;&lt;span style="'line-height:;font-size:14.0pt;"&gt;&lt;m:r&gt; &lt;/m:r&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/m:oMath&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if !msEquation]--&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;"  &gt;&lt;!--[if gte vml 1]&gt;&lt;v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style="'width:83.25pt;height:28.5pt'"&gt;  &lt;v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Diah\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.png" title="" chromakey="white"&gt; &lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if !vml]--&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:14;"  &gt;0.01/0.1= 0.1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;because &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;α = 0.1, then the electrolyte substance is weak electrolyte.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;"  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; 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float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 518px;" src="http://itech.dickinson.edu/chemistry/wp-content/uploads/2008/05/acid-rain-1a.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Verdana,Arial,Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;There are many forms of acid rain that are seen around the world. In parts of the world where there is wet weather, there is acid rain, acid snow, and acid fog. In parts of the world where there is dry weather, there is acid gas and acid dust. All of  the lakes and streams in the world are normally slightly acidic. Heavy rainstorms or melting snow can cause the acidity in lakes and in streams to increase.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p  style="line-height: 120%;font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;What effect does acid rain have on sea life?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p  style="line-height: 120%;font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Acid rain is very harmful to the environment. Acid rain damages everything over a period of time because it makes the living things in the environment die. Acid rain affects the life in the water as well as the life on land. It is almost worse in water than on land because the fish that are in the water need the water to breathe. When the water gets polluted, then the fish get sick and end up dying.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p  style="line-height: 120%;font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;All rainwater contains some level of acidity. Acidity is measured by pH, which stands for potential of hydrogen. The pH scale measures the amount of acid in a substance. PH is measured on a scale from 0-14, with 7 being neutral. The lower the number is on the pH scale, the more acidic that substance is. Normal rainwater has a pH of 5.6. When the pH level of rainwater goes below 5.6, it is considered acid rain.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p  style="line-height: 120%;font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;All of the sea life will die when the water that they swim in gets to be too acidic. For example, all fish will die when the water goes below a pH of 4.5. Most of the frogs and insects that live around the water will also die when the water reaches a pH of 4.5. With a pH of 5.5, all of the bottom-dwelling bacterial decomposers, animals that eat the remains of the food that other animals don’t want, will begin to die. When these decomposers die, they leave the un-decomposed food on the bottom of the water. This pollutes the water by making the water dirty for all of the fish to swim in. All fresh water shrimp die when there gets to be a pH of 6.0. Aquatic plants will grow the best when the water is a pH between 7.0 and 9.2. If acid rain gets to be more of a problem, then all of the sea life will eventually be gone.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p  style="line-height: 120%;font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Some of the lakes that were once acidic are recovering, but many more are not recovering. Of the 202 lakes that were chosen to be studied in the early 1980s; only 33% of them have become less acidic.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p  style="line-height: 120%;font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;What effect does acid rain have on the forests of the world?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p  style="line-height: 120%;font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Trees are also harmed by acid rain. In Germany, the forests are believed to be dying because acid rain is harming them. Scientists say that acid rain damages the waxy outer coating that protects&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p  style="line-height: 120%;font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;the leaves. When this happens, it allows the acid to seep into the tree. Instead of water changing from a liquid to a gas inside the leaves, gas is taking the place of the water. This prevents the plant from taking in carbon dioxide to perform photosynthesis, and the plant will eventually die.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p  style="line-height: 120%;font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Acid rain, acid fog, and acid vapor also damage forests by&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p  style="line-height: 120%;font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;damaging the surface of the leaves and needles. This makes it harder for the trees to withstand the cold and will cause the tree to die. Acid rain also harms the soil that the trees are growing in by taking most of the valuable nutrients away from the soil. Acid rain also leaves a lot of aluminum in the soil, which can be harmful to the trees that grow there.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p  style="line-height: 120%;font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;The atmosphere deposits a lot of toxic metals into the forests because acid rain contains metal. Some of these metals are lead, zinc, copper, chromium, and aluminum. When there is acid rain, the rain releases these metals. This is believed to stunt the growth of many trees and plants. This also stunts the growth of mosses, algae, nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and fungi that are needed to help the forest grow. Forests need these because they eat the harmful things that will kill the trees, such as bad bacteria. Acid rain hurts trees because they cannot grow any more.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p  style="line-height: 120%;font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;What effect does acid rain have on the air, us, and our health?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p  style="line-height: 120%;font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Acid rain affects us in many different ways. One major way is our health. Breathing and lung problems in children and adults who have asthma and in children have been linked to acid air pollution. Everything that we eat, drink, and breathe has at one time come in contact with acid deposits. This could threaten our health by making us become sick. The following health problems occur each year in the U.S. and Canada due to acid rain:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;!--mstheme--&gt;&lt;!--msthemelist--&gt;&lt;table style="font-family: times new roman;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"&gt;   &lt;!--msthemelist--&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="baseline" width="42"&gt;&lt;img src="http://library.thinkquest.org/CR0215471/_themes/spiral/spibul1a.gif" width="15" height="15" hspace="13" /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="100%"&gt;&lt;!--mstheme--&gt;     &lt;p style="line-height: 120%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;550 premature deaths&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--mstheme--&gt;&lt;!--msthemelist--&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;   &lt;!--msthemelist--&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="baseline" width="42"&gt;&lt;img src="http://library.thinkquest.org/CR0215471/_themes/spiral/spibul1a.gif" width="15" height="15" hspace="13" /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="100%"&gt;&lt;!--mstheme--&gt;     &lt;p style="line-height: 120%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;1,520 emergency room visits&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--mstheme--&gt;&lt;!--msthemelist--&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;   &lt;!--msthemelist--&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="baseline" width="42"&gt;&lt;img src="http://library.thinkquest.org/CR0215471/_themes/spiral/spibul1a.gif" width="15" height="15" hspace="13" /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="100%"&gt;&lt;!--mstheme--&gt;     &lt;p style="line-height: 120%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;210,070 asthma symptom days&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--mstheme--&gt;&lt;!--msthemelist--&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; &lt;!--msthemelist--&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;!--mstheme--&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Verdana,Arial,Helvetica;"&gt; &lt;p style="line-height: 120%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;As you see, if acid rain became a little less of a problem, then there would be many health problems that could be avoided.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="line-height: 120%;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;What can acid rain do to non-living things?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="line-height: 120%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Acid rain can also damage non-living things, such as buildings and statues. It can decay building materials and paints. Worst of all, it can damage non-replaceable buildings, statues, and sculptures that are part of our nation’s memories that we want to last for a very long time.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="line-height: 120%;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;What is acid rain caused by?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="line-height: 120%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Acid rain is mainly caused by these substances that are being released into the air:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;!--mstheme--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--msthemelist--&gt;&lt;table style="font-family: times new roman;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"&gt;   &lt;!--msthemelist--&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="baseline" width="42"&gt;&lt;img src="http://library.thinkquest.org/CR0215471/_themes/spiral/spibul1a.gif" width="15" height="15" hspace="13" /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="100%"&gt;&lt;!--mstheme--&gt;     &lt;p style="line-height: 120%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Carbon dioxide: Carbon dioxide is released by burning coal, oil, and     natural gas. If you inhale carbon dioxide, then since it is toxic, it can     cause you to have to breathe more than usual, unconsciousness, and other     serious health problems.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--mstheme--&gt;&lt;!--msthemelist--&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;   &lt;!--msthemelist--&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="baseline" width="42"&gt;&lt;img src="http://library.thinkquest.org/CR0215471/_themes/spiral/spibul1a.gif" width="15" height="15" hspace="13" /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="100%"&gt;&lt;!--mstheme--&gt;     &lt;p style="line-height: 120%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Carbon monoxide: Carbon monoxide is released by burning gasoline, oil, and     wood. When carbon monoxide enters your body, it goes into the bloodstream.     When this happens, it will slow down the delivery of oxygen to the rest of     the body, causing dizziness, headaches, and fatigue.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--mstheme--&gt;&lt;!--msthemelist--&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;   &lt;!--msthemelist--&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="baseline" width="42"&gt;&lt;img src="http://library.thinkquest.org/CR0215471/_themes/spiral/spibul1a.gif" width="15" height="15" hspace="13" /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="100%"&gt;&lt;!--mstheme--&gt;     &lt;p style="line-height: 120%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs): CFCs are the chemicals that are used in     industry, refrigeration, air conditioning systems, and consumer products.     Whenever CFCs are released into the air, they reduce the stratospheric ozone     layer. The stratospheric ozone layer protects Earth’s surface from the     harmful rays of the sun.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--mstheme--&gt;&lt;!--msthemelist--&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;   &lt;!--msthemelist--&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="baseline" width="42"&gt;&lt;img src="http://library.thinkquest.org/CR0215471/_themes/spiral/spibul1a.gif" width="15" height="15" hspace="13" /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="100%"&gt;&lt;!--mstheme--&gt;     &lt;p style="line-height: 120%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Hazardous air pollutants (HAPS): HAPS are released into the air by sources     such as chemical plants, dry cleaners, printing plants, and motor vehicles     (cars, trucks, buses, and planes). HAPS can cause serious health problems     like cancer, birth defects, nervous system problems, and deaths that are all     due to people accidentally letting them go into the air.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--mstheme--&gt;&lt;!--msthemelist--&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;   &lt;!--msthemelist--&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="baseline" width="42"&gt;&lt;img src="http://library.thinkquest.org/CR0215471/_themes/spiral/spibul1a.gif" width="15" height="15" hspace="13" /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="100%"&gt;&lt;!--mstheme--&gt;     &lt;p style="line-height: 120%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Lead: Lead is released by house and car paint as well as the manufacturing     of lead batteries, fishing lures, certain parts of bullets, some ceramic     ware, water pipes, and fixtures. In young children, lead can cause nervous     system damage and learning problems.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--mstheme--&gt;&lt;!--msthemelist--&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;   &lt;!--msthemelist--&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="baseline" width="42"&gt;&lt;img src="http://library.thinkquest.org/CR0215471/_themes/spiral/spibul1a.gif" width="15" height="15" hspace="13" /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="100%"&gt;&lt;!--mstheme--&gt;     &lt;p style="line-height: 120%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Nitrogen oxides: Nitrogen Oxides are released into the air by burning     fuels such as gasoline and coal. When nitrogen oxides combine with VOCs,     they can cause breathing difficulty in people who have asthma, coughs in     children, and general illness in your respiratory system.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--mstheme--&gt;&lt;!--msthemelist--&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;   &lt;!--msthemelist--&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="baseline" width="42"&gt;&lt;img src="http://library.thinkquest.org/CR0215471/_themes/spiral/spibul1a.gif" width="15" height="15" hspace="13" /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="100%"&gt;&lt;!--mstheme--&gt;     &lt;p style="line-height: 120%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Ozone: Ozone is released by motor vehicles, industries, burning coal,     gasoline, and other fossil fuels, and in the chemicals that are in hairspray     and paints. When ozone is close to the ground (ground level ozone) it can     cause chest pain, irritated respiratory tract, or persistent cough, can make     you unable to take deep breaths, and can make you more likely to get lung     infections.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--mstheme--&gt;&lt;!--msthemelist--&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;   &lt;!--msthemelist--&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="baseline" width="42"&gt;&lt;img src="http://library.thinkquest.org/CR0215471/_themes/spiral/spibul1a.gif" width="15" height="15" hspace="13" /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="100%"&gt;&lt;!--mstheme--&gt;     &lt;p style="line-height: 120%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Particulate matter (PM): PM, little particles of pollution, is released by     cars, trucks, and buses that are burning diesel fuel, fertilizers,     pesticides, road construction, steel making, mining, and turning on fire     places and wood stoves. When PMs mix with air particles and get breathed in     by something, they get stuck in the lung tissue. There they can cause     increased respiratory disease and lung damage.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--mstheme--&gt;&lt;!--msthemelist--&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;   &lt;!--msthemelist--&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="baseline" width="42"&gt;&lt;img src="http://library.thinkquest.org/CR0215471/_themes/spiral/spibul1a.gif" width="15" height="15" hspace="13" /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="100%"&gt;&lt;!--mstheme--&gt;     &lt;p style="line-height: 120%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Sulfur dioxides: Sulfur dioxides are released by burning coal, paper     production, and melting metal. Sulfur dioxide can harm vegetation, harm     metals, and cause lung problems, which include breathing problems and     permanent lung damage.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--mstheme--&gt;&lt;!--msthemelist--&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;   &lt;!--msthemelist--&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="baseline" width="42"&gt;&lt;img src="http://library.thinkquest.org/CR0215471/_themes/spiral/spibul1a.gif" width="15" height="15" hspace="13" /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="100%"&gt;&lt;!--mstheme--&gt;     &lt;p style="line-height: 120%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Volatile organic compounds (VOCs): VOCs are released into the air by     burning gasoline, wood, coal, or natural gas, solvents, paints, glues, and     other products that are used at work or at home.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--mstheme--&gt;&lt;!--msthemelist--&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; &lt;!--msthemelist--&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;!--mstheme--&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Verdana,Arial,Helvetica;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;p  style="line-height: 120%;font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;There are a lot of similarities in all of these pollutants. Most of the pollutants are from automobiles. Automobiles release harmful smoke into the air, which causes acid rain. Coal, oil, and gasoline are also some of the most common causes of all of the pollutants. If people reduce the amount of these things that they release into the air, then there will be less pollutants. Some of the most common health problems are breathing problems, nervous system problems, and lung problems.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;!--mstheme--&gt;&lt;table style="width: 415px; height: 340px;font-family:times new roman;"  bordercolordark="#006666" bordercolorlight="#669999" border="1" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="1"&gt;   &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td valign="top" width="154"&gt;&lt;!--mstheme--&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:180%;"&gt;       &lt;p style="line-height: 120%;" align="center"&gt; &lt;/p&gt;       &lt;/span&gt;       &lt;p style="line-height: 120%;" align="center"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Air Pollutant&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;!--mstheme--&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td valign="top" width="184"&gt;&lt;!--mstheme--&gt;       &lt;p style="line-height: 120%;" align="center"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;% that mobile sources contribute to acid rain&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;!--mstheme--&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td valign="top" width="173"&gt;&lt;!--mstheme--&gt;       &lt;p style="line-height: 120%;" align="center"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;% that other sources contribute to acid rain&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;!--mstheme--&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;   &lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td valign="top" width="154"&gt;&lt;!--mstheme--&gt;       &lt;p style="line-height: 120%;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Volatile organic compound&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--mstheme--&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td valign="top" width="184"&gt;&lt;!--mstheme--&gt;       &lt;p style="line-height: 120%;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;37%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;     &lt;!--mstheme--&gt;&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td valign="top" width="173"&gt;&lt;!--mstheme--&gt;       &lt;p style="line-height: 120%;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;63%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--mstheme--&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;   &lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td valign="top" width="154"&gt;&lt;!--mstheme--&gt;       &lt;p style="line-height: 120%;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Nitrogen oxide&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--mstheme--&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td valign="top" width="184"&gt;&lt;!--mstheme--&gt;       &lt;p style="line-height: 120%;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;49%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--mstheme--&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td valign="top" width="173"&gt;&lt;!--mstheme--&gt;       &lt;p style="line-height: 120%;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;51%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--mstheme--&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;   &lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td valign="top" width="154"&gt;&lt;!--mstheme--&gt;       &lt;p style="line-height: 120%;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Carbon monoxide&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--mstheme--&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td valign="top" width="184"&gt;&lt;!--mstheme--&gt;       &lt;p style="line-height: 120%;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;81%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--mstheme--&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;     &lt;td valign="top" width="173"&gt;&lt;!--mstheme--&gt;       &lt;p style="line-height: 120%;" 
